Thomas Hobbes- English philosopher who argued that all humans are naturally wicked. Believed that an absolute monarchy is the best form of government. Thought governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness. Wrote Leviathan and influenced French Revolution.

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John Locke- English philosopher who believed that people have the ability to reason and make good decisions. Thought governments should be formed only with the approval of the people they are governing. Argued that governments should be established to protect everyone's natural rights. Influenced the American Revolution.

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Voltaire-fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech; mocked laws and customs of France; admired English government. Influenced French and American revolutions.

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Montesquieu- French political thinker who believed that a monarchy with limited powers makes a country stable and secure. Established the idea of "separation of powers"

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Rousseau- Swiss philosopher who believed that society had corrupted the natural goodness in people. Argued that only through direct democracy can people's freedom be protected. Believed that women's education should be on becoming a better wife and mother.