Voyages and trade
Christopher Columbus
Columbus set out to find a new trade route to India and instead discovered the Americas and brought new colonies, resources, and opportunities.
Caravel ships:
This ship was developed because it was the fastest ship and easily maneuverable. It was most popularly used by the Spanish and the Portugese. By being faster it was preferable for trading and expedition. In fact, at least two of the ships used by Christopher Columbus were caravel ships.
Carrack Ships:
This was a ship designed to have lots of storage space in it. This is why it was used to transport cargo and help make trade go by easier. They were commonly used by the Portugese.
Fluyt Ships:
These ships were Dutch and were mostly used to ship people and goods in large quantities in order to keep up with other empires.
Mercantilism: an economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy. It promotes imperialism, tariffs and subsidies on traded goods to achieve that goal.
Joint Stock Company: A joint-stock company is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders.
Little Ice Age
Expansion of Religion
Sufism in Afro-Eurasia: They were very strict in the following of Islam and only had obedience to the one god and spread rapidly from Islam to Muslims. They were very free in letting you choose your responsibilities unlike others such as Hinduism. Starting out as a minority, they used merchants and migrants to bring interest to their religion.
Sunni-Shia split: These were made in debate over who should be in control and in power. The Sunni people believed that it was the people that should decide who was in power but the Shia believed it was decided by ancestry.
Protestant and Catholic Reformations: The Catholic Church started to be challenged by many kinds of people and people would travel all over Europe in order to spread word on why they shouldn’t be listening to the Catholics anymore. Martin Luther and his 95 Theses pointed out all of things they were doing wrong and put it on the door of the Church. So people broke off and formed their own denominations.
New Buddhist Schools: Adapted to new Enlightenment thinkings and joined in with new ideas and preached about them and started to change and go with the flow of things.
Pueblo Revolts: an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. They were being forced into Catholicism and being abused and forced into slavery. This resulted in them fighting back and revolting.
Maroon Societies: They were groups of fugitive slaves that were in hiding before the American revolution. They were able to have crops and hold a slight sense of permanency. They didn’t last too long after the Revolution started, however, because they were found and killed.
Cossack Revolts: These were in Ukraine and they were groups of men that were going against the states in order to gain dominion over the land that they lived in. They lived peacefully and fine on their own until views started to not align and they formed military and were seen as a threat.
SPICE CHART
S
Portuguese: Dominant religion was Roman Catholic, slave system (the poor were slaves and the rich were the owners)
Spanish: slavery, men above women
Dutch: social hierarchy, most slaves were African but there were other races too.
French: Church, King, nobleman, nights, peasants (social hierarchy)
British: social classes, ruling house, higher nobility, gentry, entrepreneurs, commoners
P
Portuguese: monarchy with kings, hostile towards Spain, hard to defend stretched out trading posts, gold trade connected Port. to other religions, Europe exploration took over
Spanish: Strong government and military, Treaty of Tordesillas, Pope had power
Dutch: monarch has no real political power but is a representative, proud republic before this
French: Total power to monarchy, set up colonies in Canada/America
British: more powerful monarchs -> build bureaucracy, military, and support art and lit, 2 types of states: constitutional states and absolute monarchies, sovereign equals and more military technology
I
Portuguese: innovations such as the compass, Greek influence, star charts, vessels like the caravel
Spanish: Well situated on Atlantic Ocean, Little trade-Christopher Columbus
Dutch: all agriculture based
French: Exploration of America is thanks to maritime technologies and navigational skills (ex. Jacques Cartier)
British: artistic and scientific discoveries mostly
C
Portuguese: Dominantly Catholic, close knit family, deep seated art,
Spanish: Christianity, Looked to Catholic Church for guidance
Dutch: "golden century", explorative, focus on the arts
French: Palace of Versailles, Mostly Catholic until Protestant Reformation, Idea of Absolutism emerged, Scientific Revolution/Protestant Reformation influenced France
British: protestant reformation and catholic reformation, religious tension, renaissance -> science revolution -> enlightenment
E
Portuguese: ships like the caravel allowed more trade, trade with African gold, mercantilism but monopolized trade.
Spanish: Silver and gold mining, tobacco, and coffee plantation
Dutch: based on agriculture,
French: Canadian fur trade, Mercantilism, Slave Trade
British: more population -> more urbanization with wealthy entrepreneurs, early capitalism in constitutional states, putting-out system